H . T-S Kneesh Cao H PF Unripe grains that still remain on the stems are left for future harvesting. Oritani Smashed Zizania latifolia root can be applied externally to treat boils and snake bites. , et al. The stem of Zizania latifolia is used as heat-clearing drug in traditional Chinese medicine (CTM) and widely adopted in treating different diseases and health problems, such as diabetes. This study also reported increases in superoxide dismutase activity and reductions in malondialdehyde concentrations in the serum and liver tissues of wild-rice-fed animals. , et al. This property may contribute to human health through activating the expression of genes related to the innate immune system.71 Lee et al.72 reported that the methanolic extract of a whole Z. latifolia plant has inhibitory activity against compound 48/80-induced degranulation and antigen-induced β-hexosaminidase release in a concentration-dependent manner. Steeves Klensprof-Pawlik Han We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Suzuki , et al. Lu . The other annual species, Z. aquatica, is grown along the St. Lawrence River, in the eastern and southeastern coastal regions of the United States, as well as in Louisiana. Slavin Zhai T , et al. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Wild rice (Ojibwe: manoomin; also called Canada rice, Indian rice, and water oats) is four species of grasses forming the genus Zizania, and the grain that can be harvested from them.The grain was historically gathered and eaten in North America and China.While now a delicacy in North America, the grain is eaten less in China,: … , et al. Exogenous IAA improved photosynthetic capacity and carbohydrate metabolism in Zizania latifolia. M , et al. The nutritional value of wild rice is comparable with other cereals, such as oats, wheat, and corn. is a large seeded aquatic grass, also referred to as an anchored emergent macrophyte, with a hollow cylindrical stem and long, narrow, blade-like leaves resembling those of wheat, oats, barley, and giant cut grass.35 Inflorescence is paniculate, large terminal and fruits are medium sized or large (10–20 mm long) and cylindrical. Z SG Whang , et al. KK , et al. , et al. Kindly be alert that the CTM knowledge and ancient formulas given above are likely NOT medically proven and may contain misconceptions. LS Schramm Wild rice is a good source of calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, and zinc (Table 3).28,46,47,57,58 Particularly the zinc content in wild rice is higher than in oats, wheat, and corn. It naturally has high amounts of minerals, vitamins, protein, starch, dietary fiber, and various antioxidant phytochemicals, along with a low fat profile. EA For example, elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) have been recognized as one of the most important risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis. Mukherjee . Wild rice [Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Qin Best Wild Rice Brands: Here is the list of some of the best wild rice brands for a healthy alternative to regular rice: 1. Mäkelä Incorporation of wild rice into the atherogenic diet suppressed the increase in serum triglycerides and total cholesterol and the decrease in high-density lipoprotein. XL Unpublished studies suggest the combination of 2% (w/w) phytosterols to wild rice is beneficial for reducing cholesterol but does not improve antioxidant effects (unpublished data of the authors). Day Recent scientific studies have revealed antioxidant and lipid-lowering properties of wild rice, while others have documented cardiovascular benefits associated with the long-term consumption of wild rice in experimental settings. PK Table 1 summarizes the names of the species and varieties of wild rice, four of which grow up to 2 meters high in wetland (aquatic grasses).36 These species have been studied extensively and are indigenous to the northern parts of the United States and Canada.31 Xu et al.37 reported that wild rice most likely originated in North America and then dispersed into eastern Asia via the Bering land bridge. , et al. Kaneshiro It is in flower from July to September, and the seeds ripen from July to September. Search for other works by this author on: Biodiversity: a continuing source of novel drug leads, Naturalist's food medicine for your wellness: A synthesis of Siddha and modern medical heritage, World Health Organization(WHO) / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO) Expert, Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, Plant products with hypocholesterolemic potentials, Dietary phytosterols reduce probucol-induced atherogenesis in apo E-KO mice, Tall oil-derived phytosterols reduce atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice, Effect of garlic on atherosclerosis and its factors, Effect on the human serum lipoprotein profile of β-glucan, soy protein and isoflavones, plant sterols and stanols, garlic and tocotrienols, The effects of simultaneous administration of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and telmisartan on cardiovascular risks in rats, Designer oils low in n-6:n3 fatty acid ratio beneficially modifies cardiovascular risks in mice, Dietary flaxseed inhibits atherosclerosis in the LDL receptor-deficient mouse in part through antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory actions, Cholesterol-lowering and anti-atherogenic effects of oats in mice, Health benefits of whole grain phytochemicals, Cereal, fruit, and vegetable fiber intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease in elderly individuals, β-glucan from two sources of oat concentrates affect postprandial glycemia in relation to the level of viscosity, Dietary fiber in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): an observational study, Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of milled fractions of different wheat varieties, Plausible mechanisms for the protectiveness of whole grains, Potential health benefits of wild rice and wild rice products: Literature review, Wild rice: domestication of a native North American genus, Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Wild rice: the Indian's staple and the white man's delicacy, The Wild Rice Gatherers of the Upper Lakes – A Study in American Primitive Economics, The International Plant Names Index (IPNI), Phylogeny and biogeography of the eastern Asian–North American disjunct wild-rice genus (, Genetic variability is correlated with population size and reproduction in American wild rice (, Wild rice – a potential new crop for Finland, Wild rice – Indian food and a modern delicacy, Wild rice – new interest in an old crop, Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Comparative study on nutritional value of Chinese and North American wild rice, Preliminary phytochemical investigation of wild rice ergot, Antioxidant activity of commercial wild rice and identification of flavonoid compounds in active fractions, Antioxidant properties of commercial wild rice and analysis of soluble and insoluble phenolic acids, Lipid composition of North American wild rice (, Characterization of starches from wild and long grain brown rice, Sinapate dehydrodimers and sinapate-ferulate heterodimers in cereal dietary fiber, The thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinin acid, and pantothenic acid contents of wild rice (, Note on vitamins and minerals of wild rice, Trace metals in wild rice sold in the United States, Cadmium, copper and lead in wild rice from central Canada, Protein and lysine contents in grains of three species of wild-rice (, Protein and amino acid composition of Chinese and North American wild rice, Purification and characterization of peroxidase from fresh-cut. Porter Zhang Other reports have highlighted that wild rice is a gluten-free functional food25 and is considered safe for human consumption.76. All Rights Reserved. CK )], locally called ‘Kambong’ or ‘Ishing-kambong’ (in Manipuri) is an aquatic/wetland plant of Manipur and is used for various purposes by the ethnic people ranging from food to fodder, thatch roofing, firewood substitute, house wall plastering material, etc. Freshly harvested wild rice contains about 45% moisture.43,44 Wild rice is harvested at relatively high moisture content to prevent excessive grain loss due to shattering during the post-harvesting processing.45. H Wild rice is an annual aquatic grass which grows in shallow lakes, marshes and in sluggish streams in various parts of the world. Lorenz JH In view of N balance and economic benefit, Zizania latifolia-duck mutual ecosystem with 25 ducks per 667 m 2 had lower N surplus with less environmental risk, and higher economic benefit. DM Jang There are four species of WR belonging to the genus Zizania. . Addis This species is decumbent with many long stems, short panicles, and an average seed length of 6 mm. Peterson Y Other antioxidant compounds in wild rice include ferulic acid dehydrodimer and ferulic acid trimers. Xu ND Aiken The current review summarizes the nutrients and bioactive compounds of Z. latifolia, and health benefits of its seeds. Moghadasian Epley Akerele Hesseltine Nelson , et al. H Z. caudiflora was reported to have anti-fatigue activity, as analyzed by the forced swimming test and tail suspension test in rats.73 The raw rice and malted barley hydrolyzed rice of Z. caudiflora reduced immobility times in both the forced swimming test and the tail suspension test and it further improved the serum albumin, glucose, and total protein levels, thereby revealing the plant's potent anti-fatigue activity. . JW The potential health benefits of wild rice shown in studies reported to date are summarized in Table 6. The stem and leaf sheet extracts of Z. latifolia were reported to have effective antioxidant property and stem extract possesses angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor activity, which could be used for the treatment of hypertension and could be processed into formula feeds for fish and poultry. The results show that in some regions where single-harvesting Z. latifolia could be harvested twice … H , et al. Xu Nriagu Gangadaran Surendiran, Maha Alsaif, Fatemeh Ramezani Kapourchali, Mohammed H Moghadasian, Nutritional constituents and health benefits of wild rice (Zizania spp. Furthermore, the same group reported that the methanolic extract of wild rice hull has higher antioxidant activity compared to the kernel of wild rice grain, with the following principal antioxidant compounds identified in the methanolic extract by mass spectrometry: anisole, vanillin, and syringaldehyde.66 The incorporation of wild rice into meat products had been shown to inhibit lipid oxidation and the development of rancidity during freezing.67,–69 These findings have increased interest within the food industry in incorporating wild rice into a variety of food products to prevent rancidity and prolong food shelf life, as well as target consumers who prefer natural antioxidant food additives. , et al. G The addition of phytosterols reduced the elevated levels of plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels in mice fed with wild rice plus 2% (w/w) phytosterol and reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation in the aortic roots considerably. , et al. Terrell It is hardy to zone (UK) 9. Wu Goh CY Zizania latifolia belongs to the wild rice genus Zizania and was an important grain crop in ancient China. MH T YC Albumins: water soluble (% of total nitrogen)Â, Globulins: salt soluble (% of total nitrogen)Â, Prolamins: alcohol soluble (% of total nitrogen)Â, Glutelins: alcohol soluble (% of total nitrogen)Â, In vitro studies of antioxidant potential of wild riceÂ, Wild rice has high antioxidant activity and has high potential for commercial application in food productionÂ, Phytic acid is one of wild rice's potent antioxidant compoundsÂ, Wild rice hull has higher antioxidant activity than the kernelÂ, The potential antioxidant compound in the methanolic extract includes anisole, vanillin, and syringaldehydeÂ, The antioxidant activity of wild rice was 30 times higher than that of white riceÂ, The potential antioxidant compounds were identified as flavonoid glycosidesÂ, The antioxidant potential of wild rice was approximately 10 times higher than that of white riceÂ, Ferulic acid and sinapic acid were reported as the most abundant phenolic acids in wild riceÂ, In vitro studies of antioxidant and ACE-inhibitor activity of wild riceÂ, The stem and leaf sheet extracts had effective antioxidant properties and the stem extract possessed ACE-inhibitor activityÂ, In vitro studies of wild rice's stimulating effect on the innate immune systemÂ, In vitro studies of anti-allergic activity of wild rice (, In vivo studies of prevention of osteoporosis in miceÂ, In vivo studies of anti-fatigue activity of wild rice (, Raw rice and malted barley hydrolyzed rice reduced the immobility times of FST and TST, and further improved the serum albumin, glucose, and total protein levelsÂ, In vitro studies of anti-cancer activity of wild rice in rat colon carcinoma cellsÂ, Wild rice reduced the aberrant crypt foci in colon cancer in ratsÂ, In vivo studies of cardioprotective effects of wild rice (, Wild rice as part of an atherogenic diet suppressed the increase in serum triglycerides and total cholesterolin miceÂ, Wild rice has potential antioxidant activity in vivoÂ, In vivo studies of protective potential of wild rice (, Wild rice suppressed the increase of lipid droplets accumulation, free fatty acids, and leptin; it also inhibited the decrease of lipoprotein lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase activitiesÂ, Wild rice has ameliorating effects on insulin resistance in ratsÂ, Wild rice prevents atherogenesis in LDLr-KO miceÂ, Copyright © 2020 International Life Sciences Institute. The major whole grains are wheat, rice, and corn, whereas oats, rye, barley, sorghum, and millet are categorized as minor grains.17. Hoover et al.53 reported a much lower gelatinization temperature for wild rice starch (51–64°C). Swain F Oelke Anderson L Wang . HL Riediger R The book reflects the pharmaceutical achievements and developments of East Asia before the 16th century. Kawagishi et al.64 reported that fractions of the gall ethanolic extract of Z. latifolia have the ability to inhibit the osteoclast formation in mice and could be developed as an effective candidate for drugs or functional foods for the prevention of osteoporosis. . YY Wild rice was introduced to Europe through the fur trade. Oelke L They reported that the flavonoid glycosides from wild rice showed 30 times higher antioxidant activity compared to white rice, as analyzed by in vitro analysis.49 They also reported the total phenolic content of nine different wild rice samples, and the antioxidant potential of these phenolic compounds was found to be approximately 10 times higher than that of white rice.50. R AS Epley HL Cragg C P The major steps in the processing of a modern wild rice plant are outlined in Figure 1. PM . , et al. Jiang F Okarter Smith For the purpose of grading standards, the Canadian Wild Rice Council defines “wild rice” as a processed product resulting from curing, parching, and hulling of Z. aquatic or Z. palustris and in which moisture does not exceed 11% by weight.45, Wild rice is used in a wide variety of gourmet food products. et al. Like other grains, wild rice is a food commodity that contains approximately 71–84% carbohydrate and 10–18% protein as its main constituents (Table 2).27,28,46,47. R CW , et al. Newman , et al. N Fransworth , et al. Y Various health benefits are associated with their consumption, such as alleviation of insulin resistance and lipotoxicity, and protection against … RJ . Suzui MM DJ Dibrov Martini , et al. Johnson . Natural products and their derivatives represent more than 50% of the agents used in medical clinics throughout the world.1,2 Approximately 10% of all plant species are used as food and medicine by humans.3 With current advances in the biological sciences, the number of plants with recognized medicinal properties is ever-increasing. F Lu Ralph Summary of published studies on potential health benefits of wild rice (Zizania spp.). Archibold Regardless, the findings of ongoing research activities support the health-promoting properties of wild rice, particularly its cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant effects. H Oelke Wild rice (comprising the genus Zizania) is the seed of a marsh grass native to North America, long cultivated by Native Americans.Unrelated to true rice (Oryza sativa), wild rice grows in rivers and creeks throughout the eastern United States and parts of Canada.The genus Zizania includes four different species, … Hitch., and Zizania latifolia Turcz. AL Le PB Wild rice (Zizania spp.) Addis Manchurian wild rice (Zizania latifolia; ZL) is a vegetable broadly eaten in Asian countries, especially in China.It is also known that the stem of ZL becomes swollen when the plant is infected with the parasitic fungus, Ustilago esculenta on the Ustilaginaceae family in the class of Heterobasidiomycetes.People have been … EE RJ S Recent observations suggest that long-term consumption of wild rice prevents atherogenesis in LDL-r-KO mice.24 Such information, in addition to other pieces of evidence summarized in this review, suggest that additional investigation into the functionality of wild rice for the prevention and/or treatment of a number of chronic diseases is warranted. MH . Q Zhai Suitable pH: acid, neutral and … Masuda Kumanyika Furthermore, additional processing methods, as described below, have been developed to increase the yield and quality of the wild rice. Liu PB The wild-rice-enriched diet reduced the elevation of sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1c and gene expression of fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the liver, suggesting the wild rice had a protective effect. . Required fields are marked *. Introduction. The grains are typically dried under the sun or over a fire.42 Then, the grains are treated for hulling, which is usually performed by walking or dancing on the dried grains in a container or a hole in the ground.30 The commercialized production of wild rice has gradually brought changes and innovations into the processing of wild rice. Takamatsu Terrell , et al. The stem and leaf sheet extracts of Z. latifolia were reported to have effective antioxidant property and stem extract possesses angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor activity, which could be used for the treatment of hypertension and could be processed into formula feeds for fish and poultry.70 Furthermore, the stem part or the gall of Z. latifolia was reported to have stimulating effects on the innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. PB Pip Han et al.77 evaluated the protective potential of wild rice against obesity and liver lipotoxicity induced by high-fat atherogenic diets in rats. Scarification may also be applied in some operations, depending on the requirements for the marketed product. J The light fraction, which is only about 5% of the total yield, is not profitable and is thus discarded by most processors.45, The heavy and medium fractions of kernels are subjected to a curing process in which the grains are lined on an impervious surface under the sun and constantly watered and stirred for about 4−7 days.30,43,45 Watering helps to maintain the high moisture content of the grain, while stirring provides the aerobic conditions necessary for the respiration and activities of microorganisms, as well as preventing excessive heat and the growth of undesirable molds.45 Curing leads to color changes in immature kernels, from green to brown, allows ripening of immature grains, and causes partial degradation of hulls, as well as enrichment of flavors.30, Drying the grain is referred to as “parching.” Parching is an essential procedure in which wild rice is roasted to perfection in a huge rotary drum, which results in the grain's characteristic rich, dark shade. However, the plasma and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were not significantly improved. CM G The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs). The processing of wild rice consists chiefly of drying the grains, hulling the dried grains, and separating the hulls. , et al. May Help Reduce Birth Defects. The temperature in the drum is initially controlled to remain under 135°C, and the grain temperature in the drum is monitored regularly using laser thermometers; when the grain temperature reaches 135°C, the kernel is hardened and the starch is usually completely gelatinized at this temperature, and ready to be removed. XQ This plant has an outcrossing mating system and well-developed rhizomes, and it can reproduce both sexually and asexually through seeds, rhizomes and tiller buds ( Guo et al. The hypocholesterolemic properties of wild rice were reported to be mainly attributed to the increased rate of fecal cholesterol excretion.24. This property of Z. latifolia could be used, potentially, for the prevention of type-I allergic reactions. N Przybylski et al.51 reported high overall tocopherol and tocotrienol content in wild rice lipid ranging from 2 to 36.8 mg/100 g and 1 to 93.7 mg/100 g lipids, respectively. Hota Jiang Zhai Pathology findings and correlation with body condition index in stranded killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the northeastern Pacific and Hawaii from 2004 to 2013. . H . Total Score Implemented Pacific Second Screening Risk Assessment Results section # questions answered satisfy Hoover Unfortunately, like most traditional foods, wild rice has not escaped industrialization. , et al. The power of food for promoting human health was recognized as long ago as 1000−800 BCE when the ancient Sidhhars, including Thirumoolar, recognized food as medicine, stating in Tamil “Unave marunthu, marunthe unavu.” This statement, meaning “food is medicine and medicine is food”, is a basic concept of the Siddha system of medicine practiced in Tamil Nadu, India.4 The recognition of the power of food as medicine was echoed in the late fifth century BCE in the West by Hippocrates, who said, “Let food be your medicine and let medicine be your food.” At that time, he estimated that 300 to 400 local plants might have medicinal values.3, Several population-based epidemiological studies have examined the role of diet in preventing and controlling morbidity and mortality resulting from non-communicable diseases, especially chronic diseases.5 Intakes of inappropriate dietary constituents, including tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, and decreased physical activity are associated with increased incidence of a number of chronic diseases worldwide. K E , et al. Luben SA . These individuals included 246 from 45 populations of Zizania latifolia in eastern Asia, and the following from North America: 154 individuals from 26 populations of Z. aquatica, 84 individuals from 14 populations of Z. palustris, and 30 individuals from one population of Z. texana. Abouazra RN E A preliminary study demonstrated that wild rice effectively reduced the numbers of large aberrant crypt foci in colon cancer in rats, but the authors indicated further investigation is needed to confirm the findings.25 In contrast with this study, Liao et al.74 reported that wild rice water extract, prepared with mononuclear-conditioned medium, did not inhibit human leukemic U937 cells compared to other rice varieties; in particular, they noted that white rice extract showed prominent inhibition of U937 cells. Moon NH Compiled and written by Li Shi-zhen (1518~1593), a medical expert of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) over 27 years. Chemical composition, angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐inhibitory activity and antioxidant activities of few‐flower wild rice (Zizania latifolia Turcz.) Zizania latifolia is a perennial emergent macrophyte widely distributed in the wetlands across eastern China. HF Dr. Moghadasian's research program is currently supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). Similarly, Kaneshiro et al.75 reported that wild rice did not show inhibitory activity against human colon cancer cell lines. Disclaimer: The Ben Cao Medical Book is translated by ChinaAbout.net. Auxin response factors (ARFs) differentially regulate rice antiviral immune response against rice dwarf virus. Qiu R The Anishinaabe people called this grain “Manomin” meaning “good berry” or “good seed.”34 Today, wild rice is harvested and used by many native Canadians including the Sioux, Cree, Winnebago, Fox, Potawatome, Menominee, Penobscot, and Abenaki.30 Wild rice has also been named as Indian rice, Indian oats, American rice, Canadian rice, Canadian oats, squaw rice, water oats, March oats, Foll avoin, false oat, mad oats, Pshu, Tuscarora rice, Wasserhafer, wild oats, Komo-gaya, Makomo, Katsumi, and water rice.34 The indigenous people of North America consider wild rice to be a gift from Nanabozho, the son of the West Wind and great-grandson of the Moon. Available in commercial wild rice has fine starch zizania latifolia benefits is resistant to retrogradation latifolia belongs to the conventional rice... Hypocholesterolemic properties of wild rice is shown to be mainly attributed to the genus Zizania rats fed with a fat/cholesterol... 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